Ralph J. Panos, MD

Kaur, Dhamanpreet; Panos, Ralph J; Badawi, Omar; Bapat, Sanika S; Wang, Li; Gupta, Amar 2020. Evaluation of clinician interaction with alerts to enhance performance of the tele-critical care medical environment. International journal of medical informatics, 139 , 104165

Keller, Thomas; Spece, Laura J; Donovan, Lucas M; Udris, Edmunds; Coggeshall, Scott S; Griffith, Matthew; Bryant, Alexander D; Casaburi, Richard; Cooper, J Allen; Criner, Gerard J; Diaz, Philip T; Fuhlbrigge, Anne L; Gay, Steven E; Kanner, Richard E; Martinez, Fernando J; Panos, Ralph J; Shade, David; Sternberg, Alice; Stibolt, Thomas; Stoller, James K; Tonascia, James; Wise, Robert; Yusen, Roger D; Au, David H; Feemster, Laura C 2020. Association of Guideline-Recommended COPD Inhaler Regimens With Mortality, Respiratory Exacerbations, and Quality of Life: A Secondary Analysis of the Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial. Chest, 158 2, 529-538

Leitao Filho, Fernando Sergio; Mattman, Andre; Schellenberg, Robert; Criner, Gerard J; Woodruff, Prescott; Lazarus, Stephen C; Albert, Richard K; Connett, John; Han, Meilan K; Gay, Steven E; Martinez, Fernando J; Fuhlbrigge, Anne L; Stoller, James K; MacIntyre, Neil R; Casaburi, Richard; Diaz, Philip; Panos, Ralph J; Cooper, J Allen; Bailey, William C; LaFon, David C; Sciurba, Frank C; Kanner, Richard E; Yusen, Roger D; Au, David H; Pike, Kenneth C; Fan, Vincent S; Leung, Janice M; Man, Shu-Fan Paul; Aaron, Shawn D; Reed, Robert M; Sin, Don D 2020. Serum IgG Levels and Risk of COPD Hospitalization: A Pooled Meta-analysis. Chest, ,

Osterburg, Andrew R; Lach, Laura; Panos, Ralph J; Borchers, Michael T 2020. Unique natural killer cell subpopulations are associated with exacerbation risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Scientific reports, 10 1, 1238

Sengupta, Ruchira; Loftus, Timothy M; Doers, Matthew; Jandarov, Roman A; Phillips, Michael; Ko, Jonathan; Panos, Ralph J; Zafar, Muhammad A 2020. Resting Borg score as a predictor of safe discharge of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the emergency department observation unit. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, ,

Van Tiem, Jennifer M; Friberg, Julia E; Wilson, Jaime R; Fitzwater, Lynn; Blum, James M; Panos, Ralph J; Reisinger, Heather Schacht; Moeckli, Jane 2020. Utilized or Underutilized: A Qualitative Analysis of Building Coherence During Early Implementation of a Tele-Intensive Care Unit. Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association, ,

Zafar, Muhammad A; Loftus, Timothy M; Palmer, Jack P; Phillips, Michael; Ko, Jonathan; Ward, Steven R; Foertsch, Madeline; Dalhover, Amber; Doers, Matthew E; Mueller, Eric W; Alessandrini, Evaline A; Panos, Ralph J 2020. COPD Care Bundle in Emergency Department Observation Unit Reduces Emergency Department Revisits. Respiratory care, 65 1, 1-10

Dransfield, Mark T; Voelker, Helen; Bhatt, Surya P; Brenner, Keith; Casaburi, Richard; Come, Carolyn E; Cooper, J Allen D; Criner, Gerard J; Curtis, Jeffrey L; Han, MeiLan K; Hatipo?lu, Umur; Helgeson, Erika S; Jain, Vipul V; Kalhan, Ravi; Kaminsky, David; Kaner, Robert; Kunisaki, Ken M; Lambert, Allison A; Lammi, Matthew R; Lindberg, Sarah; Make, Barry J; Martinez, Fernando J; McEvoy, Charlene; Panos, Ralph J; Reed, Robert M; Scanlon, Paul D; Sciurba, Frank C; Smith, Anthony; Sriram, Peruvemba S; Stringer, William W; Weingarten, Jeremy A; Wells, J Michael; Westfall, Elizabeth; Lazarus, Stephen C; Connett, John E 2019. Metoprolol for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of COPD. The New England journal of medicine, 381 24, 2304-2314

Moy, Marilyn L; Harrington, Kathleen F; Sternberg, Alice L; Krishnan, Jerry A; Albert, Richard K; Au, David H; Casaburi, Richard; Criner, Gerard J; Diaz, Philip; Kanner, Richard E; Panos, Ralph J; Stibolt, Thomas; Stoller, James K; Tonascia, James; Yusen, Roger D; Tan, Ai-Yui M; Fuhlbrigge, Anne L 2019. Characteristics at the time of oxygen initiation associated with its adherence: Findings from the COPD Long-term Oxygen Treatment Trial. Respiratory medicine, 149 , 52-58

Panmanee, Warunya; Su, Shengchang; Schurr, Michael J; Lau, Gee W; Zhu, Xiaoting; Ren, Zhaowei; McDaniel, Cameron T; Lu, Long J; Ohman, Dennis E; Muruve, Daniel A; Panos, Ralph J; Yu, Hongwei D; Thompson, Thomas B; Tseng, Boo Shan; Hassett, Daniel J 2019. The anti-sigma factor MucA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Dramatic differences of a mucA22 vs. a ?mucA mutant in anaerobic acidified nitrite sensitivity of planktonic and biofilm bacteria in vitro and during chronic murine lung infection. PloS one, 14 6, e0216401

Zafar, Muhammad Ahsan; Nguyen, Brave; Gentene, Anthony; Ko, Jonathan; Otten, Lisa; Panos, Ralph J; Alessandrini, Evaline A 2019. Pragmatic Challenge of Sustainability: Long-Term Adherence to COPD Care Bundle Maintains Lower Readmission Rate. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety, ,

Fenker, Daniel E; McDaniel, Cameron T; Panmanee, Warunya; Panos, Ralph J; Sorscher, Eric J; Sabusap, Carleen; Clancy, John P; Hassett, Daniel J 2018. A Comparison between Two Pathophysiologically Different yet Microbiologically Similar Lung Diseases: Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. International journal of respiratory and pulmonary medicine, 5 2,

Fortis, Spyridon; Sarrazin, Mary V; Beck, Brice F; Panos, Ralph J; Reisinger, Heather S 2018. Response. Chest, 154 4, 988-989

Fortis, Spyridon; Sarrazin, Mary V; Beck, Brice F; Panos, Ralph J; Reisinger, Heather S 2018. ICU Telemedicine Reduces Interhospital ICU Transfers in the Veterans Health Administration. Chest, 154 1, 69-76

Osterburg, Andrew R; Lach, Laura; Panos, Ralph J; Borchers, Michael T 2018. Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cell Phenotypes Associated with Exacerbation Risk in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15 Supplement_4, S288-S289

Panos, Ralph J 2018. Is It Time to "Go With the (High) Flow"? Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15 4, 420-421

Mastrodicasa, Mark A; Droege, Christopher A; Mulhall, Aaron M; Ernst, Neil E; Panos, Ralph J; Zafar, Muhammad A 2017. Long acting muscarinic antagonists for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review of current and developing drugs. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 26 2, 161-174

Mulhall, Aaron M; Zafar, Muhammad A; Record, Samantha; Channell, Herman; Panos, Ralph J 2017. A Tablet-Based Multimedia Education Tool Improves Provider and Subject Knowledge of Inhaler Use Techniques. Respiratory care, 62 2, 163-171

O'Shea, Amy M J; Vaughan Sarrazin, Mary; Nassar, Boulos; Cram, Peter; Johnson, Lynelle; Bonello, Robert; Panos, Ralph J; Reisinger, Heather S 2017. Using electronic medical record notes to measure ICU telemedicine utilization. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA, 24 5, 969-974

Zafar, Muhammad A; Mulhall, Aaron M; Eschenbacher, William; Kaul, Ajay; Benzaquen, Sadia; Panos, Ralph J 2017. Manometry Optimized Positive Expiratory Pressure (MOPEP) in Excessive Dynamic Airway Collapse (EDAC). Respiratory medicine, 131 , 179-183

Zafar, Muhammad Ahsan; Panos, Ralph J; Ko, Jonathan; Otten, Lisa C; Gentene, Anthony; Guido, Maria; Clark, Katherine; Lee, Caroline; Robertson, Jamie; Alessandrini, Evaline A 2017. Reliable adherence to a COPD care bundle mitigates system-level failures and reduces COPD readmissions: a system redesign using improvement science. BMJ quality & safety, 26 11, 908-918

Sogbetun, Folarin; Eschenbacher, William L; Welge, Jeffrey A; Panos, Ralph J 2016. A comparison of five surveys that identify individuals at risk for airflow obstruction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory medicine, 120 , 1-9

Sogbetun, Folarin; Eschenbacher, Wlliam L; Welge, Jeffrey A; Panos, Ralph J 2016. Veterans Airflow Obstruction Screening Questionnaire: A Survey to Identify Veterans with Airflow Obstruction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.), 3 4, 705-715

Mulhall, Aaron M; Droege, Christopher A; Ernst, Neil E; Panos, Ralph J; Zafar, Muhammad A 2015. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review of current and developing drugs. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 24 12, 1597-611

Hassett, Daniel J; Borchers, Michael T; Panos, Ralph J 2014. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): evaluation from clinical, immunological and bacterial pathogenesis perspectives. Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea), 52 3, 211-26

Major, Stephen; Moreno, Marcella; Shelton, John; Panos, Ralph J 2014. Veterans With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Achieve Clinically Relevant Improvements in Respiratory Health After Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention, ,

Zafar, Muhammad Ahsan; Droege, Christopher; Foertsch, Madeline; Panos, Ralph J 2014. Update on ultra-long-acting ? agonists in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, , 1-15

Darnell, Kyle; Dwivedi, Alok Kumar; Weng, Zhouyang; Panos, Ralph J 2013. Disproportionate utilization of healthcare resources among veterans with COPD: a retrospective analysis of factors associated with COPD healthcare cost. Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E, 11 , 13

Kingrey, John F; Panos, Ralph J; Ying, Jun; Meganathan, Karthikeyan; Vandivier, Robin; Elwing, Jean M 2013. Provider recognition and response to echocardiographic findings indicating pulmonary hypertension in the Veterans affairs medical center population. Pulmonary circulation, 3 2, 389-95

Mulhall, Aaron M; Lach, Laura A; Krzywkowski-Mohn, Sara M; Welge, Jeffrey A; Panos, Ralph J 2013. Therapeutic paralysis in veterans with COPD. Respiratory medicine, 107 10, 1547-57

Murphy, Daniel E; Panos, Ralph J 2013. Diagnosis of COPD and clinical course in patients with unrecognized airflow limitation. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 8 , 199-208

Panos, Ralph J 2013. Efficacy and safety of eco-friendly inhalers: focus on combination ipratropium bromide and albuterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 8 , 221-30

Panos, Ralph J; Krywkowski-Mohn, Sara M; Sherman, Susan N; Lach, Laura A 2013. Patient reported determinants of health: a qualitative analysis of veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD, 10 3, 333-47

Zafar, Muhammad Ahsan; Tsuang, Wayne; Lach, Laura; Eschenbacher, William; Panos, Ralph J 2013. Dynamic hyperinflation correlates with exertional oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lung, 191 2, 177-82

Gupta, Nishant; Aragaki, Alejandro; Wikenheiser-Brokamp, Kathryn A; Benzaquen, Sadia; Panos, Ralph J 2012. Occam's razor or Hickam's dictum? Journal of bronchology & interventional pulmonology, 19 3, 216-9

Samson, Pamela; Casey, Kenneth R; Knepler, James; Panos, Ralph J 2012. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and response to treatment of veterans with obstructive sleep apnea, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2005-2007. Preventing chronic disease, 9 , E46

Wortham, Brian W; Eppert, Bryan L; Motz, Greg T; Flury, Jennifer L; Orozco-Levi, Mauricio; Hoebe, Kasper; Panos, Ralph J; Maxfield, Melissa; Glasser, Stephan W; Senft, Albert P; Raulet, David H; Borchers, Michael T 2012. NKG2D mediates NK cell hyperresponsiveness and influenza-induced pathologies in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 188 9, 4468-75

Hagaman, Jared T; Panos, Ralph J; McCormack, Francis X; Thakar, Charuhas V; Wikenheiser-Brokamp, Kathryn A; Shipley, Ralph T; Kinder, Brent W 2011. Vitamin D deficiency and reduced lung function in connective tissue-associated interstitial lung diseases. Chest, 139 2, 353-60

Murphy, Daniel E; Chaudhry, Zeshan; Almoosa, Khalid F; Panos, Ralph J 2011. High prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among veterans in the urban midwest. Military medicine, 176 5, 552-60

Gordon, Joshiah; Panos, Ralph J 2010. Inhaled albuterol/salbutamol and ipratropium bromide and their combination in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 6 3, 381-92

Kinder, Brent W; Shariat, Cyrus; Collard, Harold R; Koth, Laura L; Wolters, Paul J; Golden, Jeffrey A; Panos, Ralph J; King, Talmadge E 2010. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: changes in lung function. Lung, 188 2, 143-9

Make, Barry; Krachman, Samuel; Panos, Ralph J; Doherty, Dennis E; Stoller, James K 2010. Oxygen therapy in advanced COPD: in whom does it work? Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine, 31 3, 334-42

Seaman, Joseph; Leonard, Anthony C; Panos, Ralph J 2010. Health care utilization history, GOLD guidelines, and respiratory medication prescriptions in patients with COPD. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 5 , 89-97

Stoller, James K; Panos, Ralph J; Krachman, Samuel; Doherty, Dennis E; Make, Barry 2010. Oxygen therapy for patients with COPD: current evidence and the long-term oxygen treatment trial. Chest, 138 1, 179-87

Almoosa, Khalid F; Goldenhar, Linda M; Panos, Ralph J 2009. Characteristics of discussions on cardiopulmonary resuscitation between physicians and surrogates of critically ill patients. Journal of critical care, 24 2, 280-7

Hagaman, Jared T; Rouan, Gregory W; Shipley, Ralph T; Panos, Ralph J 2009. Admission chest radiograph lacks sensitivity in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. The American journal of the medical sciences, 337 4, 236-40

Panos, Ralph J; Eschenbacher, William 2009. Exertional desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD, 6 6, 478-87

Elwing, Jean; Panos, Ralph J 2008. Pulmonary hypertension associated with COPD. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 3 1, 55-70

Young, Lisa R; Nogee, Lawrence M; Barnett, Bruce; Panos, Ralph J; Colby, Thomas V; Deutsch, Gail H 2008. Usual interstitial pneumonia in an adolescent with ABCA3 mutations. Chest, 134 1, 192-5

Gillis, P; Savla, U; Volpert, O V; Jimenez, B; Waters, C M; Panos, R J; Bouck, N P 1999. Keratinocyte growth factor induces angiogenesis and protects endothelial barrier function. Journal of cell science, 112 ( Pt 12) , 2049-57

Michelson, P H; Tigue, M; Panos, R J; Sporn, P H 1999. Keratinocyte growth factor stimulates bronchial epithelial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The American journal of physiology, 277 4 Pt 1, L737-42

Haines, G K; Panos, R J; Bak, P M; Brown, T; Zielinski, M; Leyland, J; Radosevich, J A 1998. Interferon-responsive protein kinase (p68) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen are inversely distributed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine, 19 1, 52-9

Wu, K I; Pollack, N; Panos, R J; Sporn, P H; Kamp, D W 1998. Keratinocyte growth factor promotes alveolar epithelial cell DNA repair after H2O2 exposure. The American journal of physiology, 275 4 Pt 1, L780-7

Bak, P M; Panos, R J 1997. Protease antigen recovery decreases the specificity of bromodeoxyuridine detection in formalin-fixed tissue. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society, 45 8, 1165-70

Shen, B Q; Panos, R J; Hansen-Guzmán, K; Widdicombe, J H; Mrsny, R J 1997. Hepatocyte growth factor stimulates the differentiation of human tracheal epithelia in vitro. The American journal of physiology, 272 6 Pt 1, L1115-20

Sporn, P H; Lestrud, S O; Fries, F P; Panos, R J 1997. Keratinocyte growth factor increases LTC4 synthesis and expression of flap in cultured rat alveolar type II cells. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 433 , 395-8

Takeoka, M; Sakai, A; Ueda, G; Ge, R L; Ishizaki, T; Panos, R J; Taniguchi, S 1997. Dibutyryl cAMP inhibits endotoxin-induced increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and fluid filtration coefficient in the perfused rat lung. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 183 4, 273-84

Takeoka, M; Ward, W F; Pollack, H; Kamp, D W; Panos, R J 1997. KGF facilitates repair of radiation-induced DNA damage in alveolar epithelial cells. The American journal of physiology, 272 6 Pt 1, L1174-80

Waters, C M; Savla, U; Panos, R J 1997. KGF prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced increases in airway epithelial cell permeability. The American journal of physiology, 272 4 Pt 1, L681-9

Koch, A E; Halloran, M M; Hosaka, S; Shah, M R; Haskell, C J; Baker, S K; Panos, R J; Haines, G K; Bennett, G L; Pope, R M; Ferrara, N 1996. Hepatocyte growth factor. A cytokine mediating endothelial migration in inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism, 39 9, 1566-75

Panos, R J; Baker, S K 1996. Mediators, cytokines, and growth factors in liver-lung interactions. Clinics in chest medicine, 17 1, 151-69

Panos, R J; Patel, R; Bak, P M 1996. Intratracheal administration of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor stimulates rat alveolar type II cell proliferation in vivo. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 15 5, 574-81

Takeoka, M; Sakai, A; Ueda, G; Ge, R L; Panos, R J; Taniguchi, S 1996. Influence of hypoxia and pulmonary air embolism on lung injury in perfused rat lungs. Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases, 63 6, 346-51

Zamora, M R; Stelzner, T J; Webb, S; Panos, R J; Ruff, L J; Dempsey, E C 1996. Overexpression of endothelin-1 and enhanced growth of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from fawn-hooded rats. The American journal of physiology, 270 1 Pt 1, L101-9

Panos, R J; Bak, P M; Simonet, W S; Rubin, J S; Smith, L J 1995. Intratracheal instillation of keratinocyte growth factor decreases hyperoxia-induced mortality in rats. The Journal of clinical investigation, 96 4, 2026-33

Panos, R J 1994. Therapy and management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Comprehensive therapy, 20 5, 289-93

Panos, R J; Rubin, J S; Csaky, K G; Aaronson, S A; Mason, R J 1993. Keratinocyte growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor are heparin-binding growth factors for alveolar type II cells in fibroblast-conditioned medium. The Journal of clinical investigation, 92 2, 969-77

Panos, R J; Voelkel, N F; Cott, G R; Mason, R J; Westcott, J Y 1992. Alterations in eicosanoid production by rat alveolar type II cells isolated after silica-induced lung injury. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 6 4, 430-8

Panos, R J; Mason, R J 1991. Hypertrophic alveolar type II cells isolated after silica-induced lung injury are progressing through the cell cycle and maintain a commitment to DNA synthesis in primary culture. Chest, 99 3 Suppl, 27S-28S

Suwabe, A; Panos, R J; Voelker, D R 1991. Alveolar type II cells isolated after silica-induced lung injury in rats have increased surfactant protein A (SP-A) receptor activity. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 4 3, 264-72

Panos, R J; Mortenson, R L; Niccoli, S A; King, T E 1990. Clinical deterioration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: causes and assessment. The American journal of medicine, 88 4, 396-404

Panos, R J; Suwabe, A; Leslie, C C; Mason, R J 1990. Hypertrophic alveolar type II cells from silica-treated rats are committed to DNA synthesis in vitro. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 3 1, 51-9

Panos, R J; Chang, S W 1989. Diagnosis of pulmonary hamartoma by bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsy. Journal of the National Medical Association, 81 4, 460-3

Panos, R J; Kumpe, D A; Samara, N; Petty, T L 1989. Recurrent cryptogenic hemoptysis associated with bronchial artery-pulmonary artery anastomoses and cystic lung disease. The American journal of medicine, 87 6, 683-6

Panos, R J; Barr, L F; Walsh, T J; Silverman, H J 1988. Factors associated with fatal hemoptysis in cancer patients. Chest, 94 5, 1008-13

Panos, R J; Sutton, F J; Young-Hyman, P; Peters, R 1988. Sudden death associated with alcohol consumption. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE, 11 4, 423-4

Panos, R J; Tso, E; Barish, R A; Browne, B J 1986. Esophageal spasm following propranolol overdose relieved by glucagon. The American journal of emergency medicine, 4 3, 227-8

Panos, R J 1966. Letters to the editor. Science (New York, N.Y.), 152 3726, 1177-8

Behnia, R; Molteni, A; Waters, C M; Panos, R J; Ward, W F; Schnaper, H W; TS'Ao, C H . Early markers of ventilator-induced lung injury in rats. Annals of clinical and laboratory science, 26 5, 437-50

El Khoury, Marc Y; Panos, Ralph J; Ying, Jun; Almoosa, Khalid F . Value of the PaO?:FiO? ratio and Rapid Shallow Breathing Index in predicting successful extubation in hypoxemic respiratory failure. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care, 39 6, 529-36

Fuller, Leah; Conrad, Wayne F; Heaton, Pamela C; Panos, Ralph; Eschenbacher, William; Frede, Stacey M . Pharmacist-managed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease screening in a community setting. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA, 52 5, e59-66

Kamp, D W; Israbian, V A; Yeldandi, A V; Panos, R J; Graceffa, P; Weitzman, S A . Phytic acid, an iron chelator, attenuates pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in rats after intratracheal instillation of asbestos. Toxicologic pathology, 23 6, 689-95

Panos, R J; Barish, R A; Whye, D W; Groleau, G . The electrocardiographic manifestations of pulmonary embolism. The Journal of emergency medicine, 6 4, 301-7